Selasa, 04 Desember 2012

Contrastive Conjunction and Modals Perfect


Types of conjunction
Different types of conjunctions link information in different ways. It is important to know which conjunctions establish which types of links.
There are five main types of conjunction in English.

1. Conjunctions of addition and replacement
Additive conjunctions simply add more information to what is already there. Examples of additive conjunctions include:
and, also, in addition, not only … but also, moreover, further, besides.

Example:
The study used a small sample only and was strongly criticized for this reason. Furthermore, the initial premise of the research was considered questionable in the light of previous evidence.
Conjunctions of replacement replace one piece of information with another. That is, they offer an alternative. Conjunctions of replacement include the words:
or, or else, alternatively.

Example :
The results could be interpreted to mean that high levels of protein are beneficial to diet generally. Alternatively, they could also mean that high protein levels are only beneficial to severely overweight males.
2. Conjunctions of comparison, contrast and concession
Comparative conjunctions are used to link two ideas that are considered to be similar. Comparative conjunctions include the terms:
in the same way, likewise, just as, both … and.
Example :
Reading aloud to young children stimulates their interest in books. Similarly, visiting libraries or book fairs has been shown to increase children’s readiness to engage with print.

Contrastive conjunctions link two ideas that are considered to be different. Examples of contrastive conjunctions include:
but, however, in contrast, on the contrary, instead, nevertheless, yet, still, even so, neither … nor.
Example :
This evidence points clearly to a fall in the number of unemployed. On the other hand, anecdotal evidence from reputable charities suggests that the number of people seeking financial support has increased.

Concessive conjunctions are a subgroup of contrastive conjunctions. They are used to contrast one idea with another where one piece of information appears to be surprising or unexpected in view of the other idea. Examples of concessive conjunctions include:
though, although, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, whereas, while.
Example :
Even though money has been poured into literacy programs, literacy levels among 12-15 year olds do not appear to be improving.


Perfect Modal Verbs
Modal verb + have + past participle

The Future Perfect Tense
Unlike all the other modals above, will is used for the future:
Subject + will + have + past participle
Singular
Plural
I will have lived
We will have lived
You will have lived
You will have lived
He will have lived

She will have lived
They will have lived
It will have lived

This is a difficult tense to use. It describes an action that will be completed in the future.

For example:
I moved to Minnesota in 1991. The year now is 2008.
By 2011, I will have lived in Minnesota for 20 years.

Making Promise and Admitting Mistake

If you want to make a promise:
  • Think about the promise before you make it.
  • Be honest about your capabilities.
  • Talk about the promise with another person if you doubt.

Making Promise 
o   I swear
o   I promise
o   Trust me, I can
o   I will pick you up
o   I assure you that I will return it on time
o   I won’t go, I swear to stay here
o   I swear I will not let you down
o   Don’t worry, I’ll see you before i leave
o   etc.



Respond:
  • Thank you
  • I believe you
  • Let me be assured
  • Okay
  • Just let the time to answer
  • I wish you can keep on your promise
  • I’ll wait for you
  • Really ?
  • I give you one more time
  • I wish you are not kidding me in this time
  • etc.



expression Admitting Mistake .
  • I’m sorry, it’s my fault.
  • You’re right. I’m fully responsible for this matter.
  • I admit what I’ve done is wrong.
  • I realize I’ve made mistakes.
  • Yes, I take the blame.
  • It’s my istakes. Forgive me.
  • It shouldn’t be like this. Forgive me.
  • I never intended it that way.
  • etc.
And the respond can be : 
  • Don’t mention it.
  • That would be okay
  • Just take it easy
  • Let it go
  • Forget it
  • That’s fine
  • I give you sorry
  • It doesn’t matter for me
  • etc.